Aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y adiposidad frente al nivel de actividad física
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Con el objetivo de determinar el comportamiento de la Aptitud Cardiorrespiratoria y la adiposidad frente al nivel de actividad física de la población adulta de la ciudad de Neiva, se evaluaron 972 sujetos entre 18 a 75 años de edad. Estudio Descriptivo Correlacional. Los datos se analizaron en SPSS-23 e InfoStat/Profesional 1,2. La metodología partió de la descripción de variables, posteriormente el grado de asociación entre ellas (coeficiente de correlación de Pearson), los grupos conformados se compararon (Prueba ANOVA y comparación multiple LSD Fisher); por último, se estableció el grado de agrupamiento entre las variables (Prueba Average Linkage). Los resultados evidenciaron diferencias significativas en índice de masa corporal (IMC), Frecuencia Cardiaca Reposo (FCR) y Consumo Máximo de Oxigeno (VO2máx.), entre activos e inactivos; asociación del 5%, entre el IMC con FCR y VO2máx, índice cintura–cadera (ICC) y porcentaje grasa corporal (%GC); del ICC con %GC, VO2máx, Tensión Arterial Sistólica (TAS) y Diastólica (TAD); del %GC con FCR, TAD y VO2máx; la FCR con VO2máx; la TAS con TAD y VO2máx rechazando la hipótesis de independencia. Concluyendo que los indicadores de adiposidad y aptitud cardiorrespiratoria evidencian la combinación de factores de riesgo de enfermedades de índole hipocinético en la población.
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Ramos Parrací, C. A., Palomino Devia, E. C., & Rodríguez Arias, N. (2017). Aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y adiposidad frente al nivel de actividad física. Educación Física Y Ciencia, 19(1), e020. https://doi.org/10.24215/23142561e020
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Referências
ACSM. (1993). American College of Sports Medicine. Position Stand. Physical activity, physical fitness, and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 25(10), i-x.
ACSM. (1995). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Osteoporosis and exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 27(4), i-vii.
Artigao, L. M., Llavador, J. J., Puras, A., Lopez Abril, J., Rubio, M. M., Torres, C.,…Fuentes, G. (2000). [Evaluation and validation of Omron Hem 705 CP and Hem 706/711 monitors for self-measurement of blood pressure]. Aten Primaria, 25(2), 96-102.
Blacklock, R. E., Rhodes, R. E., y Brown, S. G. (2007). Relationship between regular walking, physical activity, and health-related quality of life. J Phys Act Health, 4(2), 138-152.
Blair, S. N., y Brodney, S. (1999). Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31(11 Suppl), S646-662.
Buchheit, M., Simon, C., Charloux, A., Doutreleau, S., Piquard, F., y Brandenberger, G. (2006). Relationship between very high physical activity energy expenditure, heart rate variability and self-estimate of health status in middle-aged individuals. Int J Sports Med, 27(9), 697-701. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-872929
DANE. (2009). Estudios Postcensales No. 7. Proyecciones nacionales y departamentales de población 2005 - 2020. Recuperado de http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/poblacion/proyepobla06_20/7Proyecciones_poblacion.pdf
Després, J. P., Pouliot, M. C., Moorjani, S., Nadeau, A., Tremblay, A., Lupien, P. J.,…Bouchard, C. (1991). Loss of abdominal fat and metabolic response to exercise training in obese women. Am J Physiol, 261(2 Pt 1), E159-167.
Divison Garrote, J. A., Escobar Cervantes, C., y Segui Diaz, M. (2015). [Blood pressure and incidence of 12 cardiovascular diseases: Risks throughout life, life years lost and relationship between different age groups in 1.25 nillion people]. Semergen, 41(1), 50-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semerg.2014.07.014
Dolgener, F. A., Hensley, L. D., Marsh, J. J., y Fjelstul, J. K. (1994). Validation of the Rockport Fitness Walking Test in college males and females. Res Q Exerc Sport, 65(2), 152-158. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1994.10607610
Ecclestone, N. A., Jones, J., y WHO. (2004). International Curriculum Guidelines for Preparing Physical Activity Instructors of Older Adults, in collaboration with the Aging and Life Course, World Health Organization. J Aging Phys Act, 12(4), 467-479.
Fenstermaker, K. L., Plowman, S. A., y Looney, M. A. (1992). Validation of the Rockport Fitness Walking Test in females 65 years and older. Res Q Exerc Sport, 63(3), 322-327. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1992.10608749
González, S. A., Sarmiento, O. L., Cohen, D. D., Camargo, D. M., Correa, J. E., Páez, D. C.,…Ramírez-Vélez, R. (2014). Results from Colombia's 2014 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J Phys Act Health, 11 Suppl 1, S33-44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2014-0170
Haskell, W. L., Lee, I. M., Pate, R. R., Powell, K. E., Blair, S. N., y Franklin, B. A. (2007). Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116(9), 1081-1093. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649
Hu, G., Sarti, C., Jousilahti, P., Silventoinen, K., Barengo, N. C., y Tuomilehto, J. (2005). Leisure time, occupational, and commuting physical activity and the risk of stroke. Stroke, 36(9), 1994-1999. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000177868.89946.0c
Hu, G., Tuomilehto, J., Silventoinen, K., Barengo, N., y Jousilahti, P. (2004). Joint effects of physical activity, body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio with the risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged Finnish men and women . European Heart Journal, 25, 2212–2219
Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., y Ross, R. (2005). Body mass index is inversely related to mortality in older people after adjustment for waist circumference. J Am Geriatr Soc, 53(12), 2112-2118.
Johnson, N. P., Wu, E., Bonow, R. O., Holly, T. A. (2008). Relation of exercise capacity and body mass index to mortality in patients with intermediate to high risk of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol, 102(8), 1028-1033.
Kline, G. M., Porcari, J. P., y Hintermeister, R. (1987). Estimation of VO2max from a one-mile track walk, gender, age, and body weight. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 19(3), 253-259.
Kwon, I., Choi, S., Mittman, B., Bharmal, N., Liu, H., Vickrey, B.,…Sarkisian, C. (2015). Study protocol of "Worth the Walk": a randomized controlled trial of a stroke risk reduction walking intervention among racial/ethnic minority older adults with hypertension in community senior centers. BMC Neurol, 15, 91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-015-0346-9
Lee, I. M., Hsieh, C. C., y Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr. (1995). Exercise intensity and longevity in men. The Harvard Alumni Health Study. JAMA, 273(15), 1179-1184.
Leyk, D., Rohde, U., Gorges, W., Ridder, D., Wunderlich, M., Dinklage, C.,…Essfeld, D. (2006). Physical performance, body weight and BMI of young adults in Germany 2000 - 2004: results of the physical-fitness-test study. Int J Sports Med, 27(8), 642-647. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-872907
Malmberg, J., Miilunpalo, S., Pasanen, M., Vuori, I., y Oja, P. (2005). Characteristics of leisure time physical activity associated with risk of decline in perceived health--a 10-year follow-up of middle-aged and elderly men and women. Prev Med, 41(1), 141-150. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.09.036
Manson, J. E., Greenland, P., LaCroix, A. Z., Stefanick, M. L., Mouton, C. P., Oberman, A.,…Siscovick, D. S. (2002). Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med, 347(10), 716-725. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021067
Marfell-Jones, M., Olds, T., Stewart, A., y Carter, L. (2006). International standards for anthropometric assessment (ISAK Ed.). Potchefstroom, South Africa.
MinSalud. (1993). Resolución No. 008430 de 1993 - Ministerio de Salud de la República de Colombia. Recuperado de https://www.unisabana.edu.co/fileadmin/Documentos/Investigacion/comite_de_etica/Res__8430_1993_-_Salud.pdf.
MinSalud. (2014). Análisis de situación de Salud. Colombia, 2014 - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Recuperado de https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/ED/PSP/ASIS_2014_v11.pdf
Morikawa, M., Okazaki, K., Masuki, S., Kamijo, Y., Yamazaki, T., Gen-no, H.,…Nose, H. (2011). Physical fitness and indices of lifestyle-related diseases before and after interval walking training in middle-aged and older males and females. Br J Sports Med, 45(3), 216-224. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.064816
Mott, J. W., Wang, J., Thornton, J. C., Allison, D. B., Heymsfield, S. B., y Pierson, R. N., (1999). Relation between body fat and age in 4 ethnic groups. Am J Clin Nutr, 69(5), 1007-1013.
Ordaz Romay, E. (2006). Transformation of equations in analysis of proportionality through referent models (U. C. d. Madrid Ed.). Madrid.
Osei-Tutu, K. B., y Campagna, P. D. (2005). The effects of short- vs. long-bout exercise on mood, VO2max, and percent body fat. Prev Med, 40(1), 92-98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.05.005
Pahor, M., Blair, S. N., Espeland, M., Fielding, R., y Gill, T. M. (2006). Effects of a physical activity intervention on measures of physical performance: Results of the lifestyle interventions and independence for Elders Pilot (LIFE-P) study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 61(11), 1157-1165
Paniagua, L., Lohsoonthorn, V., Lertmaharit, S., Jiamjarasrangsi, W., y Williams, M. A. (2008). Comparison of waist circumference, body mass index, percent body fat and other measure of adiposity in identifying cardiovascular disease risks among Thai adults. Obes Res Clin Pract, 2(3), 215-223.
Pate, R. R., Pratt, M., Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L., Macera, C. A., y Bouchard, C. (1995). Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA, 273(5), 402-407.
Powell, K. E., y Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr. (1985). Workshop on Epidemiologic and Public Health Aspects of Physical Activity and Exercise: a summary. Public Health Rep, 100(2), 118-126.
Stewart, A. D. (2010). Kinanthropometry and body composition: a natural home for three-dimensional photonic scanning. J Sports Sci, 28(5), 455-457. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640411003661304
Sui, X., LaMonte, M. J., Laditka, J. N., Hardin, J. W., Chase, N., y Hooker, S. P. (2007). Cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity as mortality predictors in older adults. JAMA, 298(21), 2507-2516.
Thompson, P. D., Buchner, D., Pina, I. L., Balady, G. J., Williams, M. A., Marcus, B. H.,…Metabolism Subcommittee on Physical, A. (2003). Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation, 107(24), 3109-3116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000075572.40158.77
Trivedi, T., Liu, J., Probst, J., Merchant, A., Jhones, S., y Martin, A. B. (2015). Obesity and obesity-related behaviors among rural and urban adults in the USA. Rural Remote Health, 15(4), 3267.
Vuillemin, A., Boini, S., Bertrais, S., Tessier, S., Oppert, J. M., Hercberg, S.,…Briancon, S. (2005). Leisure time physical activity and health-related quality of life. Prev Med, 41(2), 562-569. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.01.006
WHO. (2006). World Health Organization. Body Mass Index Classification. Recuperado de http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html
WHO. (2004). World Health Organization. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet, 363(9403), 157-163.
Wing, R. R. (1999). Physical activity in the treatment of the adulthood overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31(11 Suppl), S547-552.
WMA. (2014). The Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (WMA). Ethical principles of medical research involving human subjects. Pol Merkur Lekarski, 36(215), 298-301.
Wu, C. H, Heshka, S., Wang, J., Pierson, R. N., Jr., Heymsfield, S. B., y Laferrere, B. (2007). Truncal fat in relation to total body fat: influences of age, sex, ethnicity and fatness. Int J Obes, 31(9), 1384-1391.
Yuhasz, M. S. (1977). Physical fitness manual (U. o. W. Ontario Ed.). Canadá.
ACSM. (1995). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Osteoporosis and exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 27(4), i-vii.
Artigao, L. M., Llavador, J. J., Puras, A., Lopez Abril, J., Rubio, M. M., Torres, C.,…Fuentes, G. (2000). [Evaluation and validation of Omron Hem 705 CP and Hem 706/711 monitors for self-measurement of blood pressure]. Aten Primaria, 25(2), 96-102.
Blacklock, R. E., Rhodes, R. E., y Brown, S. G. (2007). Relationship between regular walking, physical activity, and health-related quality of life. J Phys Act Health, 4(2), 138-152.
Blair, S. N., y Brodney, S. (1999). Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31(11 Suppl), S646-662.
Buchheit, M., Simon, C., Charloux, A., Doutreleau, S., Piquard, F., y Brandenberger, G. (2006). Relationship between very high physical activity energy expenditure, heart rate variability and self-estimate of health status in middle-aged individuals. Int J Sports Med, 27(9), 697-701. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-872929
DANE. (2009). Estudios Postcensales No. 7. Proyecciones nacionales y departamentales de población 2005 - 2020. Recuperado de http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/poblacion/proyepobla06_20/7Proyecciones_poblacion.pdf
Després, J. P., Pouliot, M. C., Moorjani, S., Nadeau, A., Tremblay, A., Lupien, P. J.,…Bouchard, C. (1991). Loss of abdominal fat and metabolic response to exercise training in obese women. Am J Physiol, 261(2 Pt 1), E159-167.
Divison Garrote, J. A., Escobar Cervantes, C., y Segui Diaz, M. (2015). [Blood pressure and incidence of 12 cardiovascular diseases: Risks throughout life, life years lost and relationship between different age groups in 1.25 nillion people]. Semergen, 41(1), 50-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semerg.2014.07.014
Dolgener, F. A., Hensley, L. D., Marsh, J. J., y Fjelstul, J. K. (1994). Validation of the Rockport Fitness Walking Test in college males and females. Res Q Exerc Sport, 65(2), 152-158. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1994.10607610
Ecclestone, N. A., Jones, J., y WHO. (2004). International Curriculum Guidelines for Preparing Physical Activity Instructors of Older Adults, in collaboration with the Aging and Life Course, World Health Organization. J Aging Phys Act, 12(4), 467-479.
Fenstermaker, K. L., Plowman, S. A., y Looney, M. A. (1992). Validation of the Rockport Fitness Walking Test in females 65 years and older. Res Q Exerc Sport, 63(3), 322-327. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1992.10608749
González, S. A., Sarmiento, O. L., Cohen, D. D., Camargo, D. M., Correa, J. E., Páez, D. C.,…Ramírez-Vélez, R. (2014). Results from Colombia's 2014 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J Phys Act Health, 11 Suppl 1, S33-44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2014-0170
Haskell, W. L., Lee, I. M., Pate, R. R., Powell, K. E., Blair, S. N., y Franklin, B. A. (2007). Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116(9), 1081-1093. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649
Hu, G., Sarti, C., Jousilahti, P., Silventoinen, K., Barengo, N. C., y Tuomilehto, J. (2005). Leisure time, occupational, and commuting physical activity and the risk of stroke. Stroke, 36(9), 1994-1999. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000177868.89946.0c
Hu, G., Tuomilehto, J., Silventoinen, K., Barengo, N., y Jousilahti, P. (2004). Joint effects of physical activity, body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio with the risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged Finnish men and women . European Heart Journal, 25, 2212–2219
Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., y Ross, R. (2005). Body mass index is inversely related to mortality in older people after adjustment for waist circumference. J Am Geriatr Soc, 53(12), 2112-2118.
Johnson, N. P., Wu, E., Bonow, R. O., Holly, T. A. (2008). Relation of exercise capacity and body mass index to mortality in patients with intermediate to high risk of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol, 102(8), 1028-1033.
Kline, G. M., Porcari, J. P., y Hintermeister, R. (1987). Estimation of VO2max from a one-mile track walk, gender, age, and body weight. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 19(3), 253-259.
Kwon, I., Choi, S., Mittman, B., Bharmal, N., Liu, H., Vickrey, B.,…Sarkisian, C. (2015). Study protocol of "Worth the Walk": a randomized controlled trial of a stroke risk reduction walking intervention among racial/ethnic minority older adults with hypertension in community senior centers. BMC Neurol, 15, 91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-015-0346-9
Lee, I. M., Hsieh, C. C., y Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr. (1995). Exercise intensity and longevity in men. The Harvard Alumni Health Study. JAMA, 273(15), 1179-1184.
Leyk, D., Rohde, U., Gorges, W., Ridder, D., Wunderlich, M., Dinklage, C.,…Essfeld, D. (2006). Physical performance, body weight and BMI of young adults in Germany 2000 - 2004: results of the physical-fitness-test study. Int J Sports Med, 27(8), 642-647. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-872907
Malmberg, J., Miilunpalo, S., Pasanen, M., Vuori, I., y Oja, P. (2005). Characteristics of leisure time physical activity associated with risk of decline in perceived health--a 10-year follow-up of middle-aged and elderly men and women. Prev Med, 41(1), 141-150. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.09.036
Manson, J. E., Greenland, P., LaCroix, A. Z., Stefanick, M. L., Mouton, C. P., Oberman, A.,…Siscovick, D. S. (2002). Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med, 347(10), 716-725. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021067
Marfell-Jones, M., Olds, T., Stewart, A., y Carter, L. (2006). International standards for anthropometric assessment (ISAK Ed.). Potchefstroom, South Africa.
MinSalud. (1993). Resolución No. 008430 de 1993 - Ministerio de Salud de la República de Colombia. Recuperado de https://www.unisabana.edu.co/fileadmin/Documentos/Investigacion/comite_de_etica/Res__8430_1993_-_Salud.pdf.
MinSalud. (2014). Análisis de situación de Salud. Colombia, 2014 - Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Recuperado de https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/ED/PSP/ASIS_2014_v11.pdf
Morikawa, M., Okazaki, K., Masuki, S., Kamijo, Y., Yamazaki, T., Gen-no, H.,…Nose, H. (2011). Physical fitness and indices of lifestyle-related diseases before and after interval walking training in middle-aged and older males and females. Br J Sports Med, 45(3), 216-224. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.064816
Mott, J. W., Wang, J., Thornton, J. C., Allison, D. B., Heymsfield, S. B., y Pierson, R. N., (1999). Relation between body fat and age in 4 ethnic groups. Am J Clin Nutr, 69(5), 1007-1013.
Ordaz Romay, E. (2006). Transformation of equations in analysis of proportionality through referent models (U. C. d. Madrid Ed.). Madrid.
Osei-Tutu, K. B., y Campagna, P. D. (2005). The effects of short- vs. long-bout exercise on mood, VO2max, and percent body fat. Prev Med, 40(1), 92-98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.05.005
Pahor, M., Blair, S. N., Espeland, M., Fielding, R., y Gill, T. M. (2006). Effects of a physical activity intervention on measures of physical performance: Results of the lifestyle interventions and independence for Elders Pilot (LIFE-P) study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 61(11), 1157-1165
Paniagua, L., Lohsoonthorn, V., Lertmaharit, S., Jiamjarasrangsi, W., y Williams, M. A. (2008). Comparison of waist circumference, body mass index, percent body fat and other measure of adiposity in identifying cardiovascular disease risks among Thai adults. Obes Res Clin Pract, 2(3), 215-223.
Pate, R. R., Pratt, M., Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L., Macera, C. A., y Bouchard, C. (1995). Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA, 273(5), 402-407.
Powell, K. E., y Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr. (1985). Workshop on Epidemiologic and Public Health Aspects of Physical Activity and Exercise: a summary. Public Health Rep, 100(2), 118-126.
Stewart, A. D. (2010). Kinanthropometry and body composition: a natural home for three-dimensional photonic scanning. J Sports Sci, 28(5), 455-457. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640411003661304
Sui, X., LaMonte, M. J., Laditka, J. N., Hardin, J. W., Chase, N., y Hooker, S. P. (2007). Cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity as mortality predictors in older adults. JAMA, 298(21), 2507-2516.
Thompson, P. D., Buchner, D., Pina, I. L., Balady, G. J., Williams, M. A., Marcus, B. H.,…Metabolism Subcommittee on Physical, A. (2003). Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation, 107(24), 3109-3116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000075572.40158.77
Trivedi, T., Liu, J., Probst, J., Merchant, A., Jhones, S., y Martin, A. B. (2015). Obesity and obesity-related behaviors among rural and urban adults in the USA. Rural Remote Health, 15(4), 3267.
Vuillemin, A., Boini, S., Bertrais, S., Tessier, S., Oppert, J. M., Hercberg, S.,…Briancon, S. (2005). Leisure time physical activity and health-related quality of life. Prev Med, 41(2), 562-569. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.01.006
WHO. (2006). World Health Organization. Body Mass Index Classification. Recuperado de http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html
WHO. (2004). World Health Organization. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet, 363(9403), 157-163.
Wing, R. R. (1999). Physical activity in the treatment of the adulthood overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31(11 Suppl), S547-552.
WMA. (2014). The Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (WMA). Ethical principles of medical research involving human subjects. Pol Merkur Lekarski, 36(215), 298-301.
Wu, C. H, Heshka, S., Wang, J., Pierson, R. N., Jr., Heymsfield, S. B., y Laferrere, B. (2007). Truncal fat in relation to total body fat: influences of age, sex, ethnicity and fatness. Int J Obes, 31(9), 1384-1391.
Yuhasz, M. S. (1977). Physical fitness manual (U. o. W. Ontario Ed.). Canadá.