How do students’ hamstring extensibility levels change through an academic year? A longitudinal study
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The main purpose of the present study was to examine the students’ hamstring extensibility levels through an academic year. A sample of 128 11th-grade students from a high school center was assessed by the classic sit-and-reach test in pre-, mid- and post-academic year. The results showed that students’ hamstring extensibility level statistically significantly decreased from pre-academic year (22.1 ± 8.5 cm) to mid- (19.9 ± 8.6 cm; d = -0.26) and post-academic year (18.6 ± 9.3 cm; d = -0.41) (p < 0.001) and from mid-academic year to post-academic year (d = -0.16) (p < 0.001). The results of the McNemar’s test indicated that there was a statistically significant decrease on the proportion of students with normal hamstring extensibility level from pre-academic year to post-academic year (p < 0.05). In conclusion, high-school students lost hamstring extensibility levels during an academic year. As a result of this decrease, the number of students with hamstring extensibility shortening increased by 10.9%. Physical education teachers should implement stretching programs for preventing students’ hamstring extensibility shortening.
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Becerra-Fernández, C. A., Mayorga-Vega, D., & Merino-Marban, R. (2017). How do students’ hamstring extensibility levels change through an academic year? A longitudinal study. Educación Física Y Ciencia, 19(2), e029. https://doi.org/10.24215/23142561e029
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Ayala, F., Sainz de Baranda, P., de Ste Croix, M., & Santonja, F. (2012). Fiabilidad y validez de las pruebas sit-and-reach: Revision sistematica. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte, 5(2), 57–66. Retrieved from www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-andaluza-medicina-del-deporte-284-pdf-X1888754612495328-S300
Becerra-Fernández, C. A., Merino-Marban, R., & Mayorga-Vega, D. (2016). Effect of a physical education-based dynamic stretching program on hamstring extensibility in female high school students. Kinesiology,48(2), 258-266. Retrieved from http://hrcak.srce.hr/168673?lang=en
Castro-Piñero, J., Chillón, P., Ortega, F. B., Montesinos, J. L., Sjöström, M., & Ruiz, J. R. (2009). Criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach and modified sit-and-reach test for estimating hamstring flexibility in children and adolescents aged 6-17 years. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(9), 658-662. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1224175
Castro-Piñero, J., Girela-Rejón, M. J., González-Montesinos, J. L., Mora, J., Conde-Caveda, J., Sjöström, M., & Ruiz, J. R. (2013). Percentile values for flexibility tests in youths aged 6 to 17 years: Influence of weight status. European Journal of Sport Science,13(2), 139-148. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.606833
Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R.,… Skinner, J. S. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(7), 1510–1530. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c
Feldman, D. E., Shrier, I., Rossignol, M., & Abenhaim, L. (2001). Risk factors for the development of low back pain in adolescence. American Journal of Epidemiology, 154(1), 30–36. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11427402
Ferrer, V. (1998). Repercusión de la cortedad isquiosural sobre la pelvis y el raquis lumbar(Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Universidad de Murcia,Murcia.
González Montesinos, J. L., Martínez González, J., Mora Vicente, J., Salto Chamorro, G., & Álvarez Fernández, E. (2004). El dolor de espalda y los desequilibrios musculares. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, 4(13), 18-34. Retrieved from http://cdeporte.rediris.es/revista/revista13/espalda.pdf
Haley, S. M. & Fragala-Pinkham, M. A. (2006). Interpreting change scores of tests and measures used in physical therapy. Physical Therapy, 86(5), 735–743.Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16649896
Huang, Y. C., & Malina, R. M. (2007). BMI and health-related physical fitness in Taiwanese youth 9-18 years. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(4), 701-708. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802f0512
Jones, M. A., Stratton, G., Reilly, T., & Unnithan, V. (2005). Biological risk indicators for recurrent non-specific low back pain in adolescents. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(3), 137–140. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.009951
Kanásová, J. (2008). Reducing shortened muscles in 10-12-year-old boys through a physical exercise program. Medicina Sportiva, 12(4), 115-123.
López-Miñarro, P. A., Sainz de Baranda, P., & Rodríguez-Garcia, P. L. (2009). A comparison of the sit-and-reach test and the back-saver sit-and-reach test in university students. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 8(1), 116–122.Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3737781/pdf/jssm-08-116.pdf
López Miñarro, P. A., Sainz de Baranda, P., Yuste Lucas, J. L., & Rodríguez García, P. L. (2008). Validity of the unilateral sit-and-reach test as measure of hamstring muscle extensibility. Comparison with other protocols. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 3(8), 87-92. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v3i8.199
Mayorga-Vega, D., Merino-Marban, R., & Garcia-Romero, J. C. (2015). Validity of sit-and-reach with plantar flexion test in children aged 10-12 years. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, 15(59),577-591. Retrieved from http://cdeporte.rediris.es/revista/revista59/artvalidez602e.pdf
Mayorga-Vega, D., Merino-Marban, R., Manzano-Lagunas, J., Blanco, H., & Viciana, J. (2016). Effects of a stretching development and maintenance program on hamstringextensibility in schoolchildren: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine,15(1), 65-74. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763848/pdf/jssm-15-65.pdf
Mayorga-Vega, D., Merino-Marban, R., Real, J., & Viciana, J. (2015). A physical education-based stretching program performed once a week also improves hamstring extensibility in schoolchildren: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 32(4), 1715-1721. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.32.4.9302
Mayorga-Vega, D., Merino-Marban, R., & Viciana, J. (2014). Criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach tests for estimating hamstring and lumbar extensibility: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 13(1), 1–14. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918544/pdf/jssm-13-1.pdf
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., Moreno, L. A., González-Gross, M.,… Gutiérrez, A. (2005). Low level of physical fitness in Spanish adolescents. Relevance for future cardiovascular health (AVENA Study). Revista Española de Cardiología, 58(8), 898–909. Retrieved from http://www.revespcardiol.org/es/pdf/13078126/S300/
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., & Sjöström, M. (2008). Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: A powerful marker of health. International Journal of Obesity, 32(1), 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774
Penha, P. J., & Amado Joäo, S. M. (2008). Muscle flexibility assessment among boys and girls aged 7 and 8 years old. Fisioterapia e Pesquisa, 15(4), 387-391. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.br/pdf/fp/v15n4/12.pdf
Ramos, D., González, J. L., & Mora, J. (2007). Evolución de la amplitud articular en educación primaria y educación secundaria. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 7(26), 144–157. Retrieved from http://cdeporte.rediris.es/revista/revista26/artamplitud54.pdf
Rodríguez, P. L., Santonja, F. M., López-Miñarro, P. A., Sáinz de Baranda, P., & Yuste, J. L. (2008). Effect of physical education stretching programme on sit-and-reach score in schoolchildren. Science and Sports, 23(3-4), 170–175. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S076515970800004X
Rodríguez García, P. L., Santonja Medina, F., Canteras Jornada, M., Delgado Fernández, M., Fernández Piñera, J., & Balsalobre Marín, J. (1999). Mejora de la extensibilidad isquiosural tras un programa escolar de estiramientos. Selección, 8(4), 157-164.
Sainz de Baranda, P. (2009). El trabajo de la flexibilidad en educación física: Programa de intervención. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 4(10), 33–38. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v4i10.129
Santonja Medina, F., Andújar Ortuño, P. & Martínez González-Moro, I. (1994). Ángulo lumbo-horizontal y valoración de repercusiones del síndrome de isquiosurales cortos. Apunts. Medicina de l’Esport, 31(120), 103-111. Retrieved from http://www.apunts.org/es/pdf/13105449/S300/
Santonja, F. & Pastor, A. (2003). Cortedad isquiosural y actitud cifótica lumbar. Selección, 12(3), 150-154.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420–428.
Sjölie, A. N. (2004). Low-back pain in adolescents is associated with poor hip mobility and high body mass index. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 14(3), 168–175. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00334.x
Van Resbourg, L. J., & Coetzee, F. F. (2014). Effect of stretching techniques on hamstring flexibility in female adolescents. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 20(3-2), 1237-1248. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajpherd/article/view/113138
Vidal, M., Vidal, T., Almela, M., & Vidal, M. (2011). Shortening of the hamstring muscles. Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes, (105), 44-50. Retrieved from http://www.revista-apunts.com/es/hemeroteca?article=1496
Becerra-Fernández, C. A., Merino-Marban, R., & Mayorga-Vega, D. (2016). Effect of a physical education-based dynamic stretching program on hamstring extensibility in female high school students. Kinesiology,48(2), 258-266. Retrieved from http://hrcak.srce.hr/168673?lang=en
Castro-Piñero, J., Chillón, P., Ortega, F. B., Montesinos, J. L., Sjöström, M., & Ruiz, J. R. (2009). Criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach and modified sit-and-reach test for estimating hamstring flexibility in children and adolescents aged 6-17 years. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(9), 658-662. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1224175
Castro-Piñero, J., Girela-Rejón, M. J., González-Montesinos, J. L., Mora, J., Conde-Caveda, J., Sjöström, M., & Ruiz, J. R. (2013). Percentile values for flexibility tests in youths aged 6 to 17 years: Influence of weight status. European Journal of Sport Science,13(2), 139-148. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.606833
Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R.,… Skinner, J. S. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(7), 1510–1530. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c
Feldman, D. E., Shrier, I., Rossignol, M., & Abenhaim, L. (2001). Risk factors for the development of low back pain in adolescence. American Journal of Epidemiology, 154(1), 30–36. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11427402
Ferrer, V. (1998). Repercusión de la cortedad isquiosural sobre la pelvis y el raquis lumbar(Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Universidad de Murcia,Murcia.
González Montesinos, J. L., Martínez González, J., Mora Vicente, J., Salto Chamorro, G., & Álvarez Fernández, E. (2004). El dolor de espalda y los desequilibrios musculares. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, 4(13), 18-34. Retrieved from http://cdeporte.rediris.es/revista/revista13/espalda.pdf
Haley, S. M. & Fragala-Pinkham, M. A. (2006). Interpreting change scores of tests and measures used in physical therapy. Physical Therapy, 86(5), 735–743.Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16649896
Huang, Y. C., & Malina, R. M. (2007). BMI and health-related physical fitness in Taiwanese youth 9-18 years. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(4), 701-708. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802f0512
Jones, M. A., Stratton, G., Reilly, T., & Unnithan, V. (2005). Biological risk indicators for recurrent non-specific low back pain in adolescents. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(3), 137–140. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.009951
Kanásová, J. (2008). Reducing shortened muscles in 10-12-year-old boys through a physical exercise program. Medicina Sportiva, 12(4), 115-123.
López-Miñarro, P. A., Sainz de Baranda, P., & Rodríguez-Garcia, P. L. (2009). A comparison of the sit-and-reach test and the back-saver sit-and-reach test in university students. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 8(1), 116–122.Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3737781/pdf/jssm-08-116.pdf
López Miñarro, P. A., Sainz de Baranda, P., Yuste Lucas, J. L., & Rodríguez García, P. L. (2008). Validity of the unilateral sit-and-reach test as measure of hamstring muscle extensibility. Comparison with other protocols. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 3(8), 87-92. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v3i8.199
Mayorga-Vega, D., Merino-Marban, R., & Garcia-Romero, J. C. (2015). Validity of sit-and-reach with plantar flexion test in children aged 10-12 years. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, 15(59),577-591. Retrieved from http://cdeporte.rediris.es/revista/revista59/artvalidez602e.pdf
Mayorga-Vega, D., Merino-Marban, R., Manzano-Lagunas, J., Blanco, H., & Viciana, J. (2016). Effects of a stretching development and maintenance program on hamstringextensibility in schoolchildren: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine,15(1), 65-74. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763848/pdf/jssm-15-65.pdf
Mayorga-Vega, D., Merino-Marban, R., Real, J., & Viciana, J. (2015). A physical education-based stretching program performed once a week also improves hamstring extensibility in schoolchildren: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 32(4), 1715-1721. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.32.4.9302
Mayorga-Vega, D., Merino-Marban, R., & Viciana, J. (2014). Criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach tests for estimating hamstring and lumbar extensibility: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 13(1), 1–14. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918544/pdf/jssm-13-1.pdf
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., Moreno, L. A., González-Gross, M.,… Gutiérrez, A. (2005). Low level of physical fitness in Spanish adolescents. Relevance for future cardiovascular health (AVENA Study). Revista Española de Cardiología, 58(8), 898–909. Retrieved from http://www.revespcardiol.org/es/pdf/13078126/S300/
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., & Sjöström, M. (2008). Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: A powerful marker of health. International Journal of Obesity, 32(1), 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774
Penha, P. J., & Amado Joäo, S. M. (2008). Muscle flexibility assessment among boys and girls aged 7 and 8 years old. Fisioterapia e Pesquisa, 15(4), 387-391. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.br/pdf/fp/v15n4/12.pdf
Ramos, D., González, J. L., & Mora, J. (2007). Evolución de la amplitud articular en educación primaria y educación secundaria. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 7(26), 144–157. Retrieved from http://cdeporte.rediris.es/revista/revista26/artamplitud54.pdf
Rodríguez, P. L., Santonja, F. M., López-Miñarro, P. A., Sáinz de Baranda, P., & Yuste, J. L. (2008). Effect of physical education stretching programme on sit-and-reach score in schoolchildren. Science and Sports, 23(3-4), 170–175. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S076515970800004X
Rodríguez García, P. L., Santonja Medina, F., Canteras Jornada, M., Delgado Fernández, M., Fernández Piñera, J., & Balsalobre Marín, J. (1999). Mejora de la extensibilidad isquiosural tras un programa escolar de estiramientos. Selección, 8(4), 157-164.
Sainz de Baranda, P. (2009). El trabajo de la flexibilidad en educación física: Programa de intervención. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 4(10), 33–38. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v4i10.129
Santonja Medina, F., Andújar Ortuño, P. & Martínez González-Moro, I. (1994). Ángulo lumbo-horizontal y valoración de repercusiones del síndrome de isquiosurales cortos. Apunts. Medicina de l’Esport, 31(120), 103-111. Retrieved from http://www.apunts.org/es/pdf/13105449/S300/
Santonja, F. & Pastor, A. (2003). Cortedad isquiosural y actitud cifótica lumbar. Selección, 12(3), 150-154.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420–428.
Sjölie, A. N. (2004). Low-back pain in adolescents is associated with poor hip mobility and high body mass index. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 14(3), 168–175. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00334.x
Van Resbourg, L. J., & Coetzee, F. F. (2014). Effect of stretching techniques on hamstring flexibility in female adolescents. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 20(3-2), 1237-1248. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajpherd/article/view/113138
Vidal, M., Vidal, T., Almela, M., & Vidal, M. (2011). Shortening of the hamstring muscles. Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes, (105), 44-50. Retrieved from http://www.revista-apunts.com/es/hemeroteca?article=1496