Is cardiovascular fitness and motor coordination related to attention, cognitive flexibility, and processing speed in children 6 to 10 years of age?
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aim was to verify the relationship and predictive capacity of body mass index, aerobic and motor performance in different levels of selective attention performance, cognitive flexibility and processing speed in children. The method used was a cross-sectional study of 271 children aged 6 to 10. Aerobic fitness was determined by the Intermittent Recovery Test - level 1. The motor coordination was measured by the Körperkoordination für Kinder (KTK) test, composed of four tasks: balance beam, single-jump jumps, transfer on platforms and lateral jumps. Force was measured by 90 º jumps and countermovement. Cognitive attention and flexibility were assessed by the Attention Cancellation Test (TAC) (selective attention), A (sustained attention) and B (cognitive flexibility), both of which were composed by visual search task. The results show that children aged 6 to 8 reached higher absolute values ”‹”‹in the total TAC, Tilhas sum and B tracks (sequence, connections and sum) BA trails compared to children aged 9 to 11 (p <0.01) . The predictive power indicators of the Tracks B and BA test, which analyze the area under the curve, with respective cutoff points, were body mass index = (0.62, <17.90) and (0.62, <17 , 79), motor quotient score = (0.81,> 63.50) and (0.75,> 63.50) score, respectively. We conclude that children with higher motor and aerobic performance presented better results on selective attention, sustained attention, cognitive flexibility and cognitive processing speed in children of 6 to 11 years old.
Downloads
Article Details
This magazine is available in open access under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).
References
Afonso, J., Garganta, J., & Mesquita, I. (2012). A tomada de decisão no desporto: o papel da atenção, da antecipação e da memória. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 592–601. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2012v14n5p592
Ahler, T., Bendiksen, M., Krustrup, P., Wedderkopp, N., & George, K. P. (2012). Aerobic fitness testing in 6- to 9-year-old children: Reliability and validity of a modified Yo-Yo IR1 test and the Andersen test. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(3), 871–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2039-4
Andersen, L. B., Andersen, T. E., Andersen, E., & Anderssen, S. A. (2008). An intermittent running test to estimate maximal oxygen uptake: The Andersen test. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 48(4), 434–437.
Bosco, C. (2002). La valutazione della forza con il test di Bosco. Societá Stampa Sportiva (2nd ed.). Roma.
Budde, H., Voelcker-Rehage, C., PietraíŸyk-Kendziorra, S., Ribeiro, P., & Tidow, G. (2008). Acute coordinative exercise improves attentional performance in adolescents. Neuroscience Letters, 441, 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.024
Chaddock, L., Neider, M. B., Lutz, A., Hillman, C. H., & Kramer, A. F. (2012). Role of childhood aerobic fitness in successful street crossing. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44(4), 749–753. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31823a90cb
Diamond, A. (2000). Close Interrelation of Motor Development and Cognitive Development and of the Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex. Child Development, 71(1), 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00117
Diamond, A. (2012). Activities and Programs That Improve Children’s Executive Functions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(5), 335–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412453722
Diamond, A. (2014). Executive Functions. Annual Review of Clinical PsychologyPsychol., 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750.Executive
Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959–964. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204529
DIAS, N. M., & SEABRA, A. G. (2017). School performance at the end of elementary school: Contributions of intelligence, language, and executive functions. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 34(2), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752017000200012
Erickson, K. I., Hillman, C. H., & Kramer, A. F. (2015). Physical activity, brain, and cognition. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 4, 27–32.
Fernandes, V. R., Michelle L. Scipião Ribeiro, T. M., Maciel-Pinheiro, P. de T., Guimarães, T. T., Araújo, N. B., Ribeiro, S., & Deslandes, A. C. (2016). Motor coordination correlates with academic achievement and cognitive function in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(MAR), 318. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00318
Geertsen, S. S., Thomas, R., Larsen, M. N., Dahn, I. M., Andersen, J. N., Krause-Jensen, M., ”¦ Lundbye-Jensen, J. (2016). Motor skills and exercise capacity are associated with objective measures of cognitive functions and academic performance in preadolescent children. PLoS ONE, 11(8), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161960
Gorla, JI, Araújo PF, R. J. (2009). Avaliação motora em educação física adaptada: teste ktk. (3rd ed.). Sao Paulo: Phorte.
Hazin, I., Falcão, J. T. D. R., Gomes, E., Garcia, D., Samantha, R. C., Menezes, M. T., & Dias, M. D. G. B. B. (2012). Dados Normativos do Teste de Atenção por Cancelamento em Estudantes do Ensino Fundamental. Psico, 43, 428–436.
Hazin, I., Tarcísio, J., Falcão, R., Garcia, D., Gomes, E., Cortez, R., ”¦ Dias, B. (2012). Dados Normativos do Teste de Atenção por Cancelamento (TAC) em Estudantes do Ensino Fundamental. Psico, 43(4), 428–436.
Hillman, C. H., Pontifex, M. B., Castelli, D. M., Khan, N. A., Raine, L. B., Scudder, M. R., ”¦ Kamijo, K. (2014). Effects of the FITKids Randomized Controlled Trial on Executive Control and Brain Function. Pediatrics, 134(4), e1063–e1071. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3219
Hoeboer, J., De Vries, S., Krijger-Hombergen, M., Wormhoudt, R., Drent, A., Krabben, K., & Savelsbergh, G. (2016). Validity of an Athletic Skills Track among 6- to 12-year-old children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(21), 2095–2105. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1151920
Laukkanen, A., Pesola, A., Havu, M., Sääkslahti, A., & Finni, T. (2014). Relationship between habitual physical activity and gross motor skills is multifaceted in 5- to 8-year-old children. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(2), e102–e110. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12116
Mazzoccante, R. P., Corrêa, H. D. E. L., Santana, F. S. D. E., Cí¢mara, M. A., Raquel, B., Sousa, C. D. E., ”¦ Melo, G. F. D. E. (2020). Attention and executive function are predicted by antheropometric indicators , strength , motor performance , and aerobic fitness in children aged 6 – 10 years, Human Movement21(1), 40–48.
Mazzoccante, R. P., Corrêa, H. D. L., Queiroz, J. L. De, Sousa, R. C. De, Raquel, I., Sousa, C. De, & Barboza, M. A. (2019). The relationship of sports practice with motor performance , selective attention , cognitive flexibility and processing speed in children aged 7 to 10 years, J Hum Dev, 29(September 2018), 365–372.
Menezes, A., Dias, N. M., Trevisan, B. T., Carreiro, L. R. R., & Seabra, A. G. (2015). Intervençãoo para funções executivas no transtorno do deficit de atenção e hiperatividade. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 73(3), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X20140225
Montiel, josé maria, & Capovilla, alessandra gotuzo seabra. (2008). Teste de Atenção por Cancelamento : análise de critérios de correção. Cognição, 54, 289–296.
Petroski, E. E. L., Pires-Neto, C. S., & Neto, C. P. (1995). Validação de Equações Antropométricas para estimativa da densidade Corporal em Mulheres. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física e Saúde.
Schmidt, M., Egger, F., Benzing, V., Jäger, K., Conzelmann, A., Roebers, C. M., & Pesce, C. (2017). Disentangling the relationship between children’s motor ability, executive function and academic achievement. PLoS ONE, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182845
Seabra, Alessandra Gotuzo; Dias, N. M. (2012). Avaliação neuropsicológica cognitiva: atenção e funções executivas. MEMNON (Vol. 1).
Sigmundsson, H., Englund, K., & Haga, M. (2017). Associations of Physical Fitness and Motor Competence With Reading Skills in 9- and 12-Year-Old Children: A Longitudinal Study. SAGE Open, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017712769
Sigmundsson, H., & Haga, M. (2016). Motor competence is associated with physical fitness in four- to six-year-old preschool children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 24(3), 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2016.1164411
Slaughter, A. M. H., Lohman, T. G., Boileau, R. A., Horswill, C. A., Stillman, R. J., Loan, M. D. V. A. N., & Bemben, D. A. (2013). Skinfold Equations for Estimation of Body Fatness in Children and Youth Published by : Wayne State University Press Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/41464064 . Human Biology, 60(5), 709–723.
Slaughter, M., Lhoman, T., Boileau, R., Horswill, C., Stillman, R., Van Loan, M., & Bemden, D. (1988). Slaughter, M. H., Skinfold Equations for Estimation of Body Fatness in Children and Youth , Human Biology, 60:5 (1988:Oct.) p.709. Children, 60(5), 709–723.
van der Fels, I. M. J., te Wierike, S. C. M., Hartman, E., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Smith, J., & Visscher, C. (2015). The relationship between motor skills and cognitive skills in 4-16 year old typically developing children: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(6), 697–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.09.007
van der Niet, A. G., Smith, J., Oosterlaan, J., Scherder, E. J. A., Hartman, E., & Visscher, C. (2016). Effects of a Cognitively Demanding Aerobic Intervention during Recess on Children’s Physical Fitness and Executive Functioning. Pediatric Exercise Science, 28(1), 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0084
Whedon, M., Perry, N. B., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. (2015). Changes in Frontal EEG Coherence across Infancy Predict Cognitive Abilities at Age 3: The Mediating Role of Attentional Control. Dev Psychol, 52(9), 1173–1178. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1249098.Sleep