Artículos

Temporal goal scoring characteristics in elite Brazilian football: a longitudinal study

Introduction

The average number of goals scored in elite football matches is typically low (i.e., 2.5-3), both for national and international competitions (Sánchez-Flores, Martín-González, García-Manso, De Saa, Arriaza-Ardiles & Da Silva-Griglotett, 2016). This low frequency of goals makes studies on goal scoring pattern of great practical importance, as it could provide useful information to plan offensive and defensive tactical actions, as well as adjust the substitutions strategy during the match to maximize chances of team success (Zhao & Zhang, 2019; Pratas, Volossovitch & Carita, 2018). Notably, researchers have shown a significant interest in uncovering factors related to goal-scoring patterns (Rodenas, Malavés, Desantes, Ramírez, Hervás & Malavés, 2019; Yi, Gómez, Liu & Sampaio, 2019; Wright, Atkins, Polman, Jones & Sargeson, 2011).

Different technical, tactical, and contextual factors (e.g., scoring opportunities, ball possession, match status, penalty kicks, psychological aspects) are related to goal scoring in elite football (Li & Zhao, 2021; Pinheiro, Nascimento, Dicks, Costa & Lames, 2021; Rodenas, Malavés, Desantes, A. T., Ramírez, Hervás & Malavés, 2019; Aguado-Méndez, González-Jurado, Callejas-Jerónimo & Otero-Saborido, 2020; Fagundes, Costa, Reis, Pinheiro & Costa, 2021; Fagundes, Noce, Albuquerque, Andrade & Costa 2019). However, previous research has found that goal-scoring patterns are time-dependent (Kubayi y Toriola, 2019). Studies investigating different competitions (e.g., World Cups; FIFA and UEFA tournaments; major European and South American leagues) found that the period with the highest incidence of goals is the final 15 minutes of the match (Li & Zhao, 2021; Zhao & Zhang, 2019; Kubayi y Toriola, 2019; Njororai, 2014; Alberti, Iaia, Arcelli, Cavaggioni & Rampinini, 2013; Souza, Farah & Dias, 2012; Armatas, Vasilis & Yiannakos, 2010; Armatas, Giannakos, Skoufas & Papadopoulou, 2009; Armatas, Yiannakos & Sileloglou, 2007). Mitrotasios and Armatas (2012) demonstrated that 57.9% of the goals were created in the second half of the match in the 2012 European Football Championship and most of the goal-scoring during the 75-90 min period. Alberti, Iaia, Arcelli, Cavaggioni & Rampinini (2013) analyzed 11.000 goals from top European competitions and observed that 55.1% of goals were scored in the second half while the number of goals was increasing throughout the game, with the same trend in all competitions.

The reasons for this temporal trend in goals scored in elite football are diverse and interrelated (Zhao & Zhang, 2019). Factors such as increased fatigue (Smith, Fransen, Deprez, Lenoir & Coutts 2017; Smith, M. R., Zeuwts, Lenoir, Hens, De Jong & Coutts, 2016; Rivilla-García et al., 2019; Fransson, Krustrup and Mohr, 2017), decreased physical performance (Vigne, Gaudino, Rogowski, Alloatti & Hautier, 2010; Carling & Dupont, 2011), technical errors (Lames, 2018) and tactical changes (Bradley, Lago-Peñas and Rey, 2014; Rey, Lago-Ballesteros and Padrón-Cabo, 2015; Lorenzo-Martínez, Padrón-Cabo, Rey and Memmert, 2020) are commonly mentioned in the literature to possibly explain this trend.

The identification of goal-scoring patterns is one of the most pertinent issues in football match analysis (Rodenas, Malavés, Desantes, Ramírez, Hervás & Malavés, 2019; Pratas, Volossovitch & Carita, 2018). Previous studies analyzed the scoring time pattern during the national and club league matches (Aguado-Méndez, González-Jurado, Callejas-Jerónimo & Otero-Saborido, 2020; Alberti, Iaia, Arcelli, Cavaggioni & Rampinini, 2013; Andrade, Boaventura, Mendes & Santo, 2015; Kubayi, & Toriola, 2019). For analysis purposes, full matches are commonly divided into 15-minute intervals (Wang and Qin, 2020). To the best of our knowledge, only one study has longitudinally investigated temporal patterns in goal scoring in the Brazilian championship. However, this study analyzed data from the 2006 to 2010 seasons (Andrade, Boaventura, Mendes & Santo, 2015). Elite football competition has evolved substantially, with large increases in physical and technical demands that are often interrelated (Bradley, Lago-Peñas & Rey, 2019), changing, therefore, the dynamics of the game. As such, it is necessary to investigate longitudinally whether the temporal incidence of goal scoring has changed. It is essential that football coaches and technical staff pay more attention to goal scoring patterns as such information can be helpful in devising strategies that could maximize team success (Kubayi and Toriola, 2019). Therefore, the aim of this study is to longitudinally investigate the temporal pattern of goal scoring in 8 recent editions of the elite Brazilian Championship.

Methods and Materials

Sample

The sample consisted of 3.039 matches (7.170 goals) from the seasons 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 of the 1st division of the Brazilian Championship. This study did not involve data collection with human beings, so submission to the ethics committee was not necessary. However, all procedures performed in the study were in strict compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, as well as with the ethical standards of the Technical University of Munich and the Federal University of Minas Gerais.

Procedures

The official match reports, which are publicly available on the website of the Brazilian Football Confederation - CBF (www.cbf.com.br), were analyzed. Data collection occurred through the observational methodology (Lames, M., & McGarry, T., 2007; Lames, M., 2006; Lames, M., and Hansen, G., 2001). Two experienced observers registered the data. Inter and intra-rater reliability was calculated to guarantee the quality of the observation system (Pinheiro et al., 2021). The following scoring pattern was analyzed: a) scoring frequency per 45 minutes plus additional time; b) scoring frequency per 15 minutes: 0-15, 16-30, 31-45 plus additional time, 46-60, 61- 75 and 76-90 plus additional time.

As inclusion criteria, data were collected from all championships that were registered (i.e., match reports) on CBF's official website. The exclusion criterion adopted was the elimination of data from seasons in which the VAR started to be used. Errekagorri, Castellano, Echeazarra, & Lago-Peñas (2020) suggested that the VAR hardly changes the game in elite football. The season that occurred during the pandemic of COVID-19 (2020) was not included as there were changes in match intervals and match rules - i.e., increase in the number of substitutions (Mohr et al., 2020).

Statistical Analysis

A descriptive analysis of the data was performed, presenting the results in mean and standard deviation. Shapiro Wilk test was performed to verify data normality. Paired sample t-test was adopted to check the difference of goals scored in the 1^st and 2^nd half. Multinomial tests were performed to analyze the variance of all evaluated periods (15min interval).

For the inter-observer agreement, apart from the analysis carried out by the main researcher, a second researcher was trained in the analysis of the match reports. After the training period, the two observers independently registered 40 randomly selected matches from the season 2012 and 2019. Regarding the intra-observer agreement, the principal investigator performed the same analysis 4 weeks after the first analysis thus minimizing task familiarity (Pinheiro, et al., 2021), without conducting any type of analysis during this time (Aranda, González-Ródenas, López-Bondia, Aranda-Malavés, Tudela-Desantes, & Anguera, 2019). The interpretation of this coefficient was adopted as follows: κ > 0.8 very good; 0.6 < κ < 0.8 good; 0.4 < κ < 0.6 moderate; 0.2 < κ < 0.4 fair; κ < 0.2 poor (O’Donoghue, 2009; Altman, 1991). Kappa values of the observational measurements were 0.99 for intra-reliability and 0.98 for inter-reliability, indicating a high level of reliability of the measures (O’Donoghue, 2009). The level of statistical significance adopted was p < 0.05. All data were analyzed using JASP software (Team, 2020; JASP Version 0.14; Computer software).

Results

Descriptive results

During the 2012-2019 seasons an average of 393.50 goals occurred in the 1^st half, and 502.75 in the 2^nd half. The average number of goals per match was 2.36. Table 1 shows the average number of goals at each 15-minute interval during the match.

Goal scoring frequency per 45 minutes

In the 2012-2019 seasons, a higher number of goals were scored in the 2^nd half (p < 0.05). On average, the difference of goals scored in the 1^st and 2^nd half was 109.25 (sd: 12.30 goals). A paired samples t-test showed this difference to be significant (t (7) = 8.880, p < 0.05). Cohen’s d states that this is a large effect (d = 3.140). The graph 1 shows the comparison of the average number of goals (2012-2019 seasons) in the 1^st half plus additional time and 2^nd half plus additional time

Scoring frequency per 15 minutes

The scoring frequency per 15 minutes (0-15, 16-30, 31-45 plus additional time, 46-60, 61- 75 and 76-90 plus additional time) is presented in Graph 2 (2012-2019 seasons). The multinomial test results showed that the observed distribution is significantly different (x² = 21.569, p < 0.05) to an equal distribution. An upward trend in the number of goals scored was observed as match-play time progressed (p < 0.05).

Discussion

This study aimed to longitudinally investigate the temporal pattern of goal scoring of the elite Brazilian Championship. The main findings of the present were that there is a higher incidence of goals scored in the 2^nd half of the match; an upward trend in the number of goals scored was observed as match-play time progressed, with the final 15 minutes of the match being the moment with the highest incidence of goals. The present higher incidence of goals scored in the 2^nd half of the match corroborates with previous findings in past editions of the Brazilian league (Andrade, Boaventura, Mendes & Santo, 2015; Campos, Drezner, Cortez, 2016; Souza, Farah, Dias, 2012).

Despite the technical and tactical evolution of the match (Bradley, Lago-Peñas & Rey, 2019), the present finding demonstrates that the goal dynamics between the 1^st and 2^nd half of the match in professional football remains the same for the elite Brazilian Championship. The same trend in the number of goals scored has been observed in European leagues and World cups (Njororai, 2014; Alberti, Iaia, Arcelli, Cavaggioni, Rampinini, 2013; Armatas, Giannakos, Skoufas, & Papadopoulou, 2009; Mitrotasios and Armatas, 2014; Armatas, Yiannakos & Sileloglou, 2007; Kubayi, 2020). It has been suggested that the temporal patterns of goal incidence are not related to a particular season or league (Alberti, Iaia, Arcelli, Cavaggioni, Rampinini, 2013). This may suggest that temporal patterns (i.e., comparison between 1^st and 2^nd half) of goal incidence are not related to the format of the competition (e.g., league or group stage with knockout matches).

The increase in the number of goals in the 2^nd half of a match is complex phenomena (Zhao and Zhang, 2019). It could be explained by the influence of physical and mental fatigue (Kubayi, 2020; Reilly, 1997), increased risk taking by the team that is behind, and a change in tactics due to approaching the end of the match (Reilly, 1997). Players tend to cover shorter total distances and shorter distances at high speed in the 2^nd half when compared to the 1st half (Rivilla-García et al., 2019; Smith, Zeuwts, Lenoir, Hens, De Jong & Coutts, 2016; Carling and Dupont, 2011). This could cause reduced defensive coverage on the pitch, facilitating the construction of offensive plays. Prolonged mental effort, as is demanded in a professional football match, could also impair the players technical performance (e.g., errors in passing and ball control) (Smith, Fransen, Deprez, Lenoir & Coutts 2017; Smith, Zeuwts, Lenoir, Hens, De Jong & Coutts, 2016).

During half-time, coaches may provide feedback about the opponent and their own team’s performance, as well as substitute players to modify their tactics (Rey, Lago-Ballesteros & Padrón-Cabo, 2015). Substitutions made in the 2^nd half of tend to influence the physical dynamics of the match (Bradley, Lago-Peñas and Rey, 2014; Rey, Lago-Ballesteros and Padrón-Cabo, 2015; Lorenzo-Martínez, Padrón-Cabo, Rey and Memmert, 2020). Bradley, Lago-Peñas & Rey (2014) points out that the highest incidence of substitutions happens at half-time and between 60-85 minutes of the match play and can be mostly characterized as more offensive, which corroborates with the higher incidence of goals in the 2^nd half. Players who enter during the match tend, during the period they are on the pitch, to cover greater distances, perform more sprints, and perform more high-intensity sprints than other players who were already on the pitch from the start of the match (Bradley, Lago-Peñas & Rey, 2014; Lorenzo-Martínez, Padrón-Cabo, Rey & Memmert, 2020). The substitute players tend also to perform better on technical variables (e.g., correct passes, shots, interceptions) and be more successful in individual match duels (Lorenzo-Martínez, Padrón-Cabo, Rey & Memmert, 2020; Gantois et al., 2019; Rivilla-García et al., 2019; Smith, Fransen, Deprez, Lenoir & Coutts 2017; Smith, Zeuwts, Lenoir, Hens, De Jong & Coutts, 2016; Carling and Dupont, 2011; Vigne, Gaudino, Rogowski, Alloatti, and Hautier, 2010).

The present result of an upward trend in the number of goals scored as match-play time progressed corroborate Campos, Drezner & Cortez (2016) and Souza, Farah & Dias (2012), who also analyzed the Brazilian championship. Previous research, analyzing several European leagues in different seasons, have also found an upward trend in the number of goals scored as match-play time progressed (Li and Zhao, 2021; Zhao and Zhang, 2019; Njororai, 2014, Alberti, Iaia, Arcelli, Cavaggioni, Rampinini, 2013; Armatas, Giannakos, Skoufas & Papadopoulou, 2009). However, the present results contrasts with Andrade, Boaventura, Mendes & Santo (2015). When comparing these results, it is noticeable that in the most recent editions of the Brazilian championship the final 15 minutes of the match became the period with the highest number of goals. It seems that the final fifteen minutes of the 2^nd half frequently represents a critical period in the match (Pratas, Volossovitch & Carita, 2018) in different leagues and seasons. These findings could be also explained by increased fatigue (Pratas, Volossovitch & Carita; Rivilla-García et al., 2019; Fransson, Krustrup and Mohr, 2017). Excessive fatigue, typical in the final minutes of the match, may influence players’ decision-making ability (Gantois et al., 2019), reduce physical fitness, and impair technical movements (Lames, 2018). Another explanation could be the adoption of riskier attacking strategies to change the score for the team's success (Njororai, 2014). Cardoso, García-Calvo, Patrick, Afonso & Teoldo (2021) found a high inverse association between cognitive effort and tactical behavior efficiency; players with less cognitive effort during a task displayed higher values of tactical behavior efficiency on the field.

The limitation of this study was to not evaluate other performance indicators, such as psychological constructs, physical performance, technical and tactical behavior. These measures could complement the analysis of the goal incidence and understand better the differences. Despite this, the present study brings reflections and practical findings about the temporal pattern of goals in professional football. Football coaches and performance analysts could plan and practice match strategies more effectively (e.g., pressure marking at a certain moment of the game). Future research could model goal scoring patterns in professional football using psychological, physical, and tactical variables. Physical performance should also be assessed, to investigate its relationship with temporal goal dynamics.

Another important consideration for future research is the impact of post-pandemic COVID-19 changes in the game, such as the number of player substitutions, on temporal goal scoring. The introduction of five substitutions might potentially influence goal-scoring patterns, as this alteration changes the dynamics of the game. Moreover, future studies should consider analyzing goal conversion rates in various competitions to identify potential differences in goal-scoring patterns and investigate the underlying factors contributing to these variations.

It is also relevant to note that the time interval analyzed may influence the goal distribution results. In the present study, the scoring frequency was analyzed in 15 minutes intervals. However, when the time interval is reduced to 5-minute, the distribution might change. Therefore, when comparing results caution should be taken.

Conclusion

The longitudinal analysis in the Brazilian elite football, a higher number of goals has been scored in the 2^nd half. In the analysis of 15-minute intervals, it was observed more goals scored in the last 15 minutes of the match. An upward trend in the number of goals scored was observed as match-play time progressed.

References

Aguado-Méndez, R. D., González-Jurado, J. A., Callejas-Jerónimo, J. E. y Otero-Saborido, F. M. (2020). Analysis of the goal-scoring opportunities conceded in football: a study case in the Spanish La Liga. Quality and Quantity, 55, 1477-1496.

Alberti, G., Iaia, F. M., Arcelli, E., Cavaggioni, L. y Rampinini, E. (2013). Goal scoring patterns in major European soccer leagues. Sport Sciences for Health, 9(3), 151-153.

Altman, D. G. (1991). Practical Statistics for Medical Research. Chapman and Hall/CRC.

Andrade, M. T., Boaventura, J. F. A., Mendes, T. T. y Santo, L. C. E. (2015). Temporal distribution of goals in the Brazilian Football Championship 2006-2010 (In Portuguese). Revista Brasileira de Futebol. The Brazilian Journal of Soccer Science, 8(1), 11-18.

Aranda, R., González-Ródenas, J., López-Bondia, I., Aranda-Malavés, R., Tudela-Desantes, A. y Anguera, M. T. (2019). REOFUT as an observation tool for tactical analysis on offensive performance in soccer: Mixed method perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-14.

Armatas, V. y Yiannakos, A. (2010). Analysis and evaluation of goals scored in 2006 World Cup. Journal of Sport and Health Research, 2(2), 119-128.

Armatas, V., Yiannakos, A., Skoufas, D. y Papadopoulou, S. (2009). Evaluation of Goals Scored in Top Ranking Soccer Matches: Greek “superleague” 2006-07. Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences, 3(1), 39-43.

Armatas, V., Yiannakos, A. y Sileloglou, P. (2007). Relationship between time and goal scoring in soccer games: Analysis of three World Cups. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 7(2), 48-58.

Bradley, P. S., Di Masico, M., Mohr, M., Fransson, D., Wells, C., Moreira, A., Castellano, J., Gomez Diaz, A. y Ade, J. D. (2019). Can Modern Football Match Demands Be Translated Into Novel Training And Testing Modes? Football Medicine & Performance, 29, 10-13.

Bradley, P. S., Lago-Peñas, C., Rey, E. (2014). Evaluation of the match performances of substitution players in elite soccer. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(3), 415-424.

Campos, N.; Drezner, R. y Cortez, J. A. A. (2016). Analysis of the temporal occurrence of goals in the Brazilian Championship 2011. Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte, 38(1), 58-63.

Cardoso, F. da S. L., García-Calvo, T., Patrick, T., Afonso, J. y Teoldo, I. (2021). How Does Cognitive Effort Influence the Tactical Behavior of Soccer Players? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 128(2), 851-864.

Carling, C. y Dupont, G. (2011). Are declines in physical performance associated with a reduction in skill-related performance during professional soccer match-play? Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(1), 63-71.

Errekagorri, I., Castellano, J., Echeazarra, I. y Lago-Peñas, C. (2020). The effects of the Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical-tactical and physical performance in elite soccer. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(5), 808-817.

Fagundes, L. H. S., Costa, I. T., Reis, C. P., Pinheiro, G. S. y Costa, V. T. (2021). Monitoring of overtraining and motivation in elite soccer players. Motriz. Revista de Educação Física, 27(1), 1-8.

Fagundes, L. H. S., Noce, F., Albuquerque, M. R., Andrade, A. G. P. y Costa, V. T. (2019). Can motivation and overtraining predict burnout in professional soccer athletes in different periods of the season? International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(2), 279-294.

Fransson, D., Krustrup, P. y Mohr, M. (2017). Running intensity fluctuations indicate temporary performance decrement in top-class football. Science and Medicine in Football, 1(1), 10-17.

Gantois, P., Caputo Ferreira, M. E., Lima-Junior, D. de, Nakamura, F. Y., Batista, G. R., Fonseca, F. S. y Fortes, L. de S. (2020). Effects of mental fatigue on passing decision-making performance in professional soccer athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 20(4), 534-543.

Kubayi, A. y Toriola, A. (2019). Trends of goal scoring patterns in soccer: A retrospective analysis of five successive FIFA World Cup tournaments. Journal of Human Kinetics, 69(1), 231-238.

Kubayi, A. (2020). Analysis of Goal Scoring Patterns in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Journal of human kinetics, 71, 205-210.

Lames, M. (2018). Chance involvement in goal scoring in football-an empirical approach. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 48(2), 278-286.

Lames, M. y McGarry, T. (2007). On the search for reliable performance indicators in game sports. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 7(1), 62-79.

Lames, M. (2006). Modelling the interaction in game sports - Relative phase and moving correlations. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5(4), 556-560.

Lames, M. y Hansen, G. (2001). Designing observational systems to support top-level teams in game sports. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 1(1), 83-90.

Li, C. y Zhao, Y. (2021). Comparison of Goal Scoring Patterns in “The Big Five” European Football Leagues. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-7.

Lorenzo-Martínez, M., Padrón-Cabo, A., Rey, E. y Memmert, D. (2020). Analysis of Physical and Technical Performance of Substitute Players in Professional Soccer. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 92(4), 599-606.

Mitrotasios, M. y Armatas, V. (2014). Analysis of goal scoring patterns in the 2012 European Football Championship. The Sport Journal.

Mohr, M., Nassis, G. P., Brito, J., Randers, M. B., Castagna, C., Parnell, D. y Krustrup, P. (2020). Return to elite football after the COVID-19 lockdown. Managing Sport and Leisure, 27(1-2), 172-180.

Njororai, W. (2014). Timing of goals scored in selected European and South American soccer leagues, FIFA and UEFA tournaments and the critical phases of a match. International Journal of Sports Science, 4(6a.), 56-64.

O’Donoghue, P. (2009). Research Methods for Sports Performance Analysis. Routledge.

Pinheiro, G. S., Nascimento, V. B., Dicks, M., Costa, V. T. y Lames, M. (2021). Design and Validation of an Observational System for Penalty Kick Analysis in Football (OSPAF). Frontiers in Psychology, 12.

Pratas, J. M., Volossovitch, A. y Carita, A. I. (2018). Analysis of Scoring Sequences in Matches of the Portuguese Premier League. Journal of Human Kinetics, 64(1), 255-263.

Reilly, T. (1997). Energetics of high intensity exercise (soccer) with particular reference to fatigue. Journal of Sports Sciences, 15(3), 257-263

Rey, E., Lago-Ballesteros, J. y Padrón-Cabo, A. (2015). Timing and tactical analysis of player substitutions in the UEFA Champions League. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 15(3), 840-850.

Rivilla-García, J., Calvo, L. C., Jiménez-Rubio, S., Paredes-Hernández, V., Muñoz, A., Tillaar Van Den, R. y Navandar, A. (2019). Characteristics of Very High Intensity Runs of Soccer Players in Relation to their Playing Position and Playing Half in the 2013-14 Spanish la Liga Season. Journal of Human Kinetics, 66(1), 213-222.

Rodenas Gonzalez, J., Malaves Aranda, R., Desantes Tudela, A., Ramírez Sanz, E., Hervás Crespo, J. y Malaves Aranda, R. (2020). Past, present and future of goal scoring analysis in professional soccer. Retos, 37, 774-785.

Sánchez-Flores, J., Martín-González, J. M., García-Manso, J. M., De Saa, Y., Arriaza-Ardiles, E. J. y Da Silva-Griglotetto, M. E. (2016). Analysis of goals (score) in thirteen seasons (2000/01 to 2012/13) for a league of professional spanish football league. Revista Andaluza de Medicina Del Deporte, 9(2), 55-61.

Smith, M. R., Fransen, J., Deprez, D., Lenoir, M. y Coutts, A. J. (2017). Impact of mental fatigue on speed and accuracy components of soccer-specific skills. Science and Medicine in Football, 1(1), 48-52.

Smith, M. R., Zeuwts, L., Lenoir, M., Hens, N., De Jong, L. M. S. y Coutts, A. J. (2016). Mental fatigue impairs soccer-specific decision-making skill. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(14), 1297-1304.

Souza de Novaes, E. L., Farah, B. B., Ritti-Dias, R. (2012). Incidence time of goals in the Brazilian Championship 2008. Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Do Esporte, 34(2), 421-431.

Vigne, G., Gaudino, C., Rogowski, I., Alloatti, G., y Hautier, C. (2010). Activity profile in elite Italian soccer team. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(5), 304-310.

Wang, S. H. y Qin, Y. (2020). Analysis of shooting and goal scoring patterns in the 2019 France Women’s World Cup. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(6), 3080-3089.

Wright, C., Atkins, S., Polman, R., Jones, B. y Sargeson, L. (2011). Factors Associated with Goals and Goal Scoring Opportunities in Professional Soccer. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 11(3), 438-449.

Yi, Q., Gómez Ruano, M. A., Liu, H. y Sampaio, J. (2019). Variation of match statistics and football teams’ match performance in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League from 2010 to 2017. Kinesiology, 51(2).

Zhao, Y-Q. y Zhang, H. (2019). Analysis of goals in the English Premier League. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 19(5), 820-831.

Ediciones de la FaHCE utiliza Marcalyc Sistema de Marcación, herramienta desarrollada con tecnología XML-JATS4R por Redalyc
Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro desarrollado bajo la iniciativa Open Access